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中药机械行业“八五”发展计划

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中药机械行业“八五”发展计划

国家中医药管理局


中药机械行业“八五”发展计划
国家中医药管理局


前言
中药是我国医药学的主要组成部分,具有悠久的历史,为中华民族的繁衍昌盛做出了重要贡献,它的独特的疗效在国内外享有盛誉。建国以来,特别是党的十一届三中全会以来,在党中央、国务院的关怀和各级党政部门的重视和支持下,中药工业已从前店后场的作坊式生产发展成初具
规模的新兴产业。
中药工业的发展和现代化,要以中药机械制造业生产具有先进技术性能的机械装备为基础。改革开放以来,中药机械制造有了一定的发展,但是与中药工业发展是不相适应的。为了进一步促进中药机械工业的技术进步,适应中药工业生产发展和提高的需求,特制定本计划。

一、中药工业机械装备现状
(一)中药工业机械装备现状
由于中药原料外形多样、品种繁多、比重差异悬殊、物化性能复杂(高纤维、高淀粉、高硬度、高粘度)、加工工艺特殊等特性,给中药机械生产发展提出更高的要求。在“七五”期间,中药机械行业为中药工业提供了前处理、提取、蒸发、浓缩、干燥和多种制剂单机设备,促进了中
药工业生产的发展。但是从全国中药工业装备的总体来看还是粗放型的,工艺技术装备还较落后,质量、技术性能均不高,联动化、自动化生产差,与中药工业发展的需要不相适应。反映在:
1.在“七五”期间改造的38家中药饮片厂,生产厂房和厂容厂貌有了明显改善,但设备未形成系列配套,没有从根本上解决产品落地和锹把扫帚等强体力劳动和生产装备落后面貌。
2.中药机械行业提供的装备,多为以工艺单元操作的普通型单机,没有形成标准化、定型化、规格化、系列化。
3.中药机构企业由于基础薄弱,效益差,缺少技术和经济实力,因此,难于提供性能先进、高效节能、质量可靠、自动化控制程度较高的成套设备和生产线,影响了中药工业整体科技和管理水平的提高,不能适应中药工业推行GMP管理的需求,影响了中药工业的现代化和中药产品
进一步走向世界。
4.目前,中药机械生产企业全国有130余家,我局管理的国家直供企业,产品品种及供货量只能满足中药工业需求的百分之六。其余120余家隶属于制药机械和军工、农机、化工等行业及地方有关部门。技术水平较高的军工等企业,由于脱离中药工业生产,所开发设备不能符合
中药工业生产要求。一些地方企业技术力量更差,所产机械产品一般质量低劣,满足不了中药工业提高质量开发新产品的要求。同时加上中药机械行业管理工作没能跟上,还存在许多问题亟待解决。
5.科研、设计、制造、应用缺乏统一的管理、协调,各行业不能相互配合,致使产品重复开发、重复生产,花钱多,收效小,难于开发、制造,提供高、精、尖的中药机械设备,不适应中药工业的发展需要。
6.中药机械厂规模小,难以开发高技术、高性能的新产品,生产企业随意制定型号投放市场,有很多产品外观粗糙,质量低下,技术性能差。
(二)中药机械产品的差距
1.质量的差距
产品在质量、寿命、精度、可靠性、能耗、效率等方面存在一定的差距,部分产品的差距较大,不适应中药生产的需求。
2.结构的差距
产品在多规格系列化上有相当差距,不能满足大、中、小型中药生产企业需要。许多机组只重视单机开发,忽视前后辅助配套设备,缺规格,缺档次,影响设备成套供应能力。
3.科研方面的差距
和国内其他机电行业相比有一定的差距,和国外尤其的日本、西德等国差距更大,他们先采用我国中药生产工艺,再进行设备的研制,在先进程度上超过我国很多。
4.企业素质的差距
中药机械制造业,在生产、经营、财务、物资、质量控制、技术管理方面水平普遍较低,基本还处于六、七十年代的水平,直接影响了产品的质量和性能以及本企业和使用单位的经济效益和科技进步。
5.设备精度和制造工艺的差距
中药机械企业普遍存在装备老化、精度低、缺少必需的高精密检测设备和先进的工艺装备等问题,有很大部分零件仍处于手工加工制造阶段,影响了产品质量和效益。
6.使用方面的差距
有部分结构较复杂、自控程度较高的设备,部分中药生产企业在使用中不适应,影响了新技术、新设备的应用和推广。
(三)原因
1.中药机械行业的管理体制不顺,产品技术标准的制定未有统一规定及考核评优,基础工作没有开展,致使很多中药机械企业和产品处于无统一主管部门管理状态,产品不能扬优汰劣。
2.各研制部门缺乏有效地组织、协调和管理,不能使科研、设计、制造和应用进行有机地结合和配合。
3.国家没有专门的中药机械科研部门,企业的科研力量薄弱和不配套,高技术人材少,缺乏计算机和电子技术人员,因此,设计水平低,周期长,技术水平不高。
国家没有专项科研经费,科研立项困难,许多产品的研制费用靠企业筹措,而中药机械企业效益很低,科研难度大,风险大,影响了科研方面的积极性。
缺乏对科研成果的保护政策,研究成果在生产权和经济效益上没有保障。
缺少全民性质的技术人员的鼓励政策,不能充分调动技术人员的积极性和创新精神,使其充分发挥聪明才智。
4.企业员工的素质较低,缺乏职能教育和知识更新。
5.国家对中药机械企业技术改造投入甚少,企业无力进行设备更新、补充。

二、“八五”发展计划
(一)指导思想
在“八五”期间,必须遵照党的“一个中心两个基本点”的路线,按照党中央提出的控制总量、调整结构、整顿秩序、提高效益和确保国民经济持续稳定协调发展的方针,贯彻我局制定的“医药结合、医药并重、同步发展、全面振兴”的指导思想,坚持以中医药理论为指导,以技术进
步为先导,坚持质量第一大力加强基础建设和行业管理,全面提高生产、科研技术水平,为中药工业提供高效节能的成套设备和微机控制的全封闭生产线,促进和提高中药工业经济效益和GMP管理。促进中药产品进一步走向世界。
(二)工作重点
1.加强中药机械的行业管理,制定药机产品的行业“技术标准”,并据此对现有中药机械设备进行评价、筛选,调整产业结构,为实现中药机械现代化做好基础建设。
2.组建两个专家委员会,加强对中药工业生产装备的“科研、设计、制造、应用”相结合的联合组织的协调、管理和领导。
3.组织、协调新剂型新工艺的设备研制、开发,努力研制和开发具有80年代水平的中药机械新产品。有计划地组织成套设备的生产,推广机电一体化,在“八五”期间为中药工业提供符合GMP要求的机械设备。
(三)主要发展目标
1.产品发展目标
产品品种及规格,必须在“八五”期间,全行业力争缺什么补什么,加速填补空白和增加档次,到1995年增加品种、规格34项,其中大多数是技术水平高、节约能源的产品,还有一些是属于机电一体化或替代进口的单机和符合GMP要求的成套设备或联动、自动生产线。
2.组织发展目标
鉴于我局管理的四个直供中药机械厂力量较弱,除在“八五”期间对其进行必要的技术改造(见中药机械技术改造项目规划)外,并对中药机械企业进行选拨,将固定资产较多、技术水平较高、产品质量较好、制造能力较强的企业由我局进行行业归口管理,建立中药机械的专业队伍。


3.科技发展目标
(1)加强产品技术标准的制定。
为了保证产品技术性能和质量,必须加强中药机械产品“技术标准”的制定工作,同用途、同类型产品,统一“技术标准”规范和技术指标,使中药机械企业有标可循,质检部门据标检验,评优有标可依,使用单位据标选购,在“八五”期间头3年,制定“技术标准”产品34项(见
附件一)。
(2)重点单机。
在制定“技术标准”的前提下,对现有部分产品进行评价筛选(产品名单见附件2)。在此基础上,集中力量,加强横向联合,合理分工安排,加速空白或缺档重点单机的消化吸收或自行研制开发39项(见附件3);达到80年代水平,符合GMP要求的中药机械设备,争取一批中
药机械产品获高科技成果、技术进步、发明奖达33项(见附件4)。
(3)成套设备。
本着上品种、上水平的原则,根据中药生产GMP的要求,组织科技力量,加快对必需的成套设备的研制,在“八五”期间,完成成套设备八项(见附件5)。
(4)大力发展替代进口产品。
对“七五”期间引进的169种(规格)的生产设备,要进一步抓好关键设备的消化吸收和推广工作。在“八五”期间,推出6个品种(规格)的中药机械替代进口产品(见附件6),努力为国家节省外汇。
(5)推广计算机技术应用。
积极发展机电一体化产品。机电一体化是将机械技术与微电子技术结合起来,使中药机械产品的质量、可靠性、控制的准确度提高到一个新水平。“八五”期间,将实现机电一体化产品十五种(见附件七)。
(6)加速推广节能技术。
降低设备能耗是节约国家资源和提高经济效益的主要手段。必须认真下功夫,加速推广节能技术,在传统工艺基础上,研制开发、推广节能的新工艺、新技术、新设备。
(7)开展产品“评优、创优”工作,提高技术性能和质量。
大力开展产品的“评优、创优”工作,推动产品技术性能和质量的提高,使之在寿命、可靠性、精度效益、节能等方面有较大的突破。在“八五”期间,有五项产品创国优,28项创局优(见附件八)。
(8)为缩短中药生产技术和装备与国际先进水平的差距,加快中药工业推行GMP的步伐,拟定“八五”期间引进技术11项(见附件九)。
(四)发展重点
1.国内尚未开发的联动生产线,成套设备。
2.国内空白的联动生产线、成套设备配套缺项的单机设备。
3.替代进口设备。
4.高效节能、微机控制的设备。
5.新型饮片机械(包括粉碎、洗、切、润、干、炒、包装)。
6.符合GMP要求的机电一体化制剂和包装机械。
对以上发展重点,尤其是饮片机械项目,应给予政策上的扶持和优惠(见附件10)。
(五)主要政策措施
为实现“八五”期间中药机械行业发展计划,保证中药事业长期持续稳定、协调发展,须采取以下措施:
1.积极争取国家和地方对重点中药机械工业给予重点中药饮片工业同等的优惠政策,在基本建设、技术改造、投资上给予扶持或优惠贷款,开列投资专项,以增强企业自我改造能力,跟上中药工业生产发展的步伐。
2.加强中药机械行业的管理。在优化重点企业结构,提高企业素质的基础上,对制药机械厂兼产、军工和其他行业转产厂及地方管理的中药机构厂,从制定产品技术标准入手,加强宏观控制和归口管理,进行产品评优、达标和产品定点生产工作,采用分期分批发表推荐和淘汰产品名
单,并通过对中成药厂、中药饮片厂改造、建设项目的技术审查,指导其正确订购设备。
3.建立“技术标准”审定委员会,负责对“技术标准”的制定、审查,以确保中药机械“技术标准”的通用性、统一性和高水平。
4.建立中药机械考评专家委员会,负责产品的考评工作,依据“技术标准”对产品做出结论,为颁发优质产品证书、发放产品生产许可证和公布淘汰次劣产品,提供检测和理论依据。
5.加强建立“科研、设计、制造、应用”横向联合体系的组织,并进行有效的协调、生产规划和管理领导。制定重点攻关项目,补助必要的经费,组织开发研究,协调测绘、仿制、消化吸收引进的中药工业生产装备工作。
6.组建中药机械研究所,组成一个学科齐全、专业配套,技术力量雄厚,有超前设计能力的科研机构,加快科研开发步伐。同时鼓励厂办科研,协调当地政府在财力上给予扶持,在政策上给予优惠,以形成上下结合,远近相济的科研体制。
7.建立中药工业装备与中药机械工业的信息网络和情报机构,组建中药机械信息刊物和行业学术组织,以进行学术交流、工艺研讨、新设备新工艺介绍,沟通科研、设计、制造、工艺和使用、管理等各方面信息。
8.为确保中药机械产品质量和确保产品行业“技术标准”的贯彻、监督,设置产品质量检测机构,并实施用户对产品质量的投诉制度。
9.加强人才培训工作,组织微机控制、自动化程度较高的技术、设备的学术交流和培训,以利新技术、新设备的推广、普及。
10.制定对中药机械有贡献的科技人员予以鼓励的政策,建立科研奖励基金和颁发局(部)级表彰奖励证书,以充分调动科技人员的积极性和创造性。
11.制定对科研成果的保护政策,维护成果研制单位的生产权和经济效益。
(六)实施步骤
1.1991年对中药机械制造企业及产品进行详细的调查摸底,对企业素质较高,技术水平和管理水平较好的企业由我局进行行业归口管理,建立起我局的专业队伍和依靠力量。
2.1991年下半年,组建起技术标准审定委员会,制定工作任务和工作计划,做好对产品的筛选评优的基础工作。
3.1991年下半年,组建产品考评委员会,并制定出优质产品评比办法,下发有关单位,1992年开始进行产品评优工作。
4.1991年,与有关地方质量检测部门协商建立起我行业的质量检测机构,担负起产品的质控和评优的检测工作。
5.1992年,开展中药机械制造企业的升级工作,促进企业的管理上等级、上水平。
6.1992年制定并实施对有贡献的科技人员的奖励规定,并颁发国家中医药管理局的表彰、奖励证书。
7.1992年建立起用户对产品质量的投诉制度,并予实施。
8.1992年制定并实施对中药机械科技成果的保护政策,维护成果研制单位的生产权宜。
9.1993年,建立并完备中药工业装备信息网络和学术组织。
10.对组建中药机械研究所进行技术论证,并提出可行性报告。同时协调厂办科研机构的立项及当地政府在财政、政策上给予优惠待遇。
11.积极争取国家对重点中药机械企业或产品给予中药饮片工业同等的优惠贷款,开列投资专项,在“八五”期间,争取国家开列优惠政策,对重点中药机械厂进行技术改造。
12.广开渠道协调科研立项资金。对重要的科研项目或高、精、尖的超前研究课题,积极开拓横向联合,加快中药机械行业技术进步的步伐。大力协调引进项目的测绘、仿制、推广工作,努力为国家节省外汇。



1991年5月4日
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Decree of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China


Decree of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

No. 431

Regulations on Letters and Visits, adopted at the 76th Executive Meeting of the State Council on January 5, 2005, are hereby promulgated and shall be effective as of May 1, 2005.

Premier Wen Jiabao

January 10, 2005

Regulations on Letters and Visits

(Adopted at the 76th Executive Meeting of the State Council on January 5, 2005, promulgated by Decree No. 431 of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on January 10, and effective as of May 1, 2005)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 These Regulations are formulated for the purposes of enhancing relations between the people's governments at all levels and the people, protecting the lawful rights and interests of letter-writers and visitors, and maintaining a good order in letter-writing and visiting.

Article 2 The term "letters and visits" in these Regulations means that citizens, legal persons or other organizations give information, make comments or suggestions or lodge complaints to the people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level through correspondence, E-mails, faxes, phone calls, visits, and so on, which are dealt with by the relevant administrative departments according to law.

A citizen, legal person or any other organization that gives information, makes comments or suggestions or lodges complaints by such means as prescribed in the preceding paragraph is defined as a letter-writer or visitor.

Article 3 The people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall effectively handle letters and visits by conscientiously dealing with letters, receiving visitors, heeding people's comments, suggestions and complaints and accepting their supervision, so that the people's interests are best served.

The people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall keep free-flowing channels for letter-writers and visitors and provide convenience for the letter-writers or visitors who give information, make comments or suggestions, or lodge complaints by such means as prescribed in these Regulations.

No organization or individual may retaliate against letter-writers or visitors.

Article 4 The work regarding letters and visits shall be done under the leadership of the people's governments at all levels and in adherence to the principles of territorial jurisdiction, responsibilities assumed at different levels, the department in charge being the department responsible and combination of the need to solve problems lawfully, timely and locally with persuasion.

Article 5 The people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall make policy decisions in a scientific and democratic manner, perform their duties according to law and prevent contradictions and disputes at source from leading to letters and visits.

Any people's government at or above the county level shall establish a work pattern for letters and visits characterized by unified leadership, coordination among different departments, overall planning and all-round consideration, seeking both temporary and permanent solution, each assuming its own responsibilities and joining efforts with others for the common goal, and it shall resolve contradictions and disputes in a timely manner by holding joint meetings and setting up a mechanism for making investigation and coordination and handling letters and visits and a working system of supervision in this respect.

Responsible persons of the people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall read letters for important issues and give written instructions on them, receive visitors for important issues, listen to reports on the work regarding letters and visits, and study and solve overriding problems in such work.

Article 6 Any people's government at or above the county level shall set up a department for letters and visits. The relevant department of the people's government at or above the county level and the people's government of the town or township shall, according to the principles of facilitating work and creating convenience for letter-writers and visitors, respectively assign a unit responsible for the work regarding letters and visits (hereinafter referred to as the unit for letters and visits) or individuals the specific reasonability for work in this field.

The department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level is the administrative department of the people's government at the corresponding level which is responsible for the work regarding letters and visits and performs the following duties:

(1) to accept the letter-or-visit matter presented by a letter-writer or visitor, transmit it to another organ, or assign another organ to handle it;

(2) to handle the letter-or-visit matter handed over by the people's government at a higher level or at the corresponding level;

(3) to coordinate efforts in handling important letter-or-visit matters;

(4) to urge and examine the handling of letter-or-visit matters;

(5) to study and analyze both letters and visits, conduct investigation and study and, in a timely manner, make suggestions on improving policies and work to the people's government at the corresponding level; and

(6) to provide guidance to other relevant departments of the people's government at the corresponding level and the departments or units for letters and visits of the people's governments at lower levels in their work regarding letters and visits.

Article 7 The people's governments at all levels shall establish and improve the responsibility system for letters and visits, and shall, in strict accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws, administrative regulations and these Regulations, investigate the individuals who are responsible for malfeasance or dereliction of duty committed in the work regarding letters and visits and circulate a notice of the matter within an appropriate scope.

The people's governments at all levels shall incorporate the achievements scored in the work regarding letters and visits into the performance assessment of public servants.

Article 8 The relevant administrative organ or unit shall give rewards to the letter-writer or visitor who, by giving information or presenting comments or suggestions in its letter or visit, has made contributions to the national economic and social development, and to the improvement of the work of State organs and the protection of public interests.

The relevant administrative organ shall give rewards to the unit or individual that has scored outstanding achievements in the work regarding letters and visits.

Chapter II Channels for Letters and Visits

Article 9 The people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall make known to the public such matters as the correspondence and E-mail addresses, telephone numbers for complaints, time and places for receiving letters and visitors, methods of inquiring about the progress and results of the letter-or-visit matters handled.

The people's governments at all levels and the relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall, at the places for receiving letters and visitors or at the websites, make known to the public the laws, regulations and rules, the procedures for handling letter-or-visit matters and other matters concerning provision of convenience to letter-writers and visitors.

Article 10 The people's governments at the level of a city divided into districts and those at the county level and their relevant departments and the people's governments of towns or townships shall establish the system of reception day on which the responsible persons of administrative organs read letters and receive visitors, and coordinate efforts in handling letter-or-visit matters. Letter-writers and visitors can report letter-or-visit matters face to face to the responsible persons of the administrative organs at the publicized reception place on the publicized reception day.

Responsible persons of the people's government at or above the county level and of the relevant departments of the said government or the individuals designated by them may go to the places where the letter-writers or visitors live to talk to them face to face and exchange views with them with regard to the overriding problems they have reported.

Article 11 The department for letters and visits of the State shall, by making full use of the existing network resources for governmental affairs information, establish a national information system for letters and visits, in order to provide convenience for letter-writers and visitors to present letter-or-visit matters and inquire about the handling of the letters and visits locally.

The local people's government at or above the county level shall, by making full use of the existing network resources for governmental affairs information, establish or designate the information system for letters and visits within its administrative areas and connect its information system for letters and visits with those of the people's governments at higher levels, their relevant departments and the people's governments at lower levels.

Article 12 The department for letters and visits or any other relevant departments of the people's government at or above the county level shall, in a timely manner, input the complaint lodged by a letter-writer or visitor into the information system for letters and visits. The letter-writer or visitor may, on the strength of the complaint acceptance certificate issued by the administrative organ, go to the department for letters and visits or the reception place of the relevant department of the local people's government to inquire about the handling of the complaint. The specific measures and procedures therefor shall respectively be formulated by the people's government of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government.

Article 13 In light of the actual needs in the work regarding letters and visits, the people's governments at the level of a city divided into districts and those at the county level may establish a working mechanism in which the government plays the leading role and all sectors of society take part and which facilitates rapid settlement of disputes.

The departments and units for letters and visits shall organize the relevant public organizations, legal aid agencies, professionals, volunteers and others to joint efforts in handling complaints lodged by letter-writers and visitors in a lawful, timely and reasonable way through advice, education, consultation, mediation, hearing, or by other means.

Chapter III Presenting Letter-or-visit Matters

Article 14 Where a letter-writer or visitor gives information or makes comments or suggestions on the performance of duties by the following organizations or individuals, or is not satisfied with the performance of duties by the following organizations or individuals, it may present letter-or-visit matters to the relevant administrative organs:

(1) administrative organs or their staff members;

(2) organizations that are authorized by laws or regulations to perform the functions of administration of public affairs, or their staff members;

(3) enterprises or institutions providing public service, or their staff members;

(4) individuals in public organizations or other enterprises or institutions who are appointed or dispatched by administrative organs of the State; and

(5) villagers' committees, residents' committees or their members.

With regard to the complaints that shall be handled according to law through litigation, arbitration, administrative reconsideration or other statutory means, the letter-writer or visitor shall present them to the relevant organs according to the procedures as provided for by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.

Article 15 With regard to a letter-or-visit matter that falls within the scope of the functions and powers of the people's congresses at all levels, the standing committee of the people's congress at or above the county level, the people's court or the people's procuratorate, the letter-writer or visitor shall present it to the people's congress, its standing committee, people's court or people's procuratorate respectively and abide by the provisions of Articles 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 of these Regulations.

Article 16 Where a letter-writer or visitor intends to present a letter-or-visit matter through visit, it shall present the letter-or-visit matter to the organ at the corresponding level or the next higher level that, according to law, has the power to handle the letter-or-visit matter. If a letter-or-visit matter has been accepted or is in the process of being handled and the letter-writer or visitor, before the expiration of the time limit, presents the same letter-or-visit matter to the organ at the higher level of the organ that has accepted and is handling the letter-or-visit matter, the former shall not accept the letter-or-visit matter.

Article 17 A letter-writer or visitor shall, in general, present a letter-or-visit matter through correspondence, E-mail, fax or any other written form. Where it lodges a complaint, it shall, in addition, state clearly its name (title), address, requests, the facts and reasons.

With regard to the oral presentation of a complaint, the relevant organ shall record the name (title) and address of the letter-writer or visitor, its requests, the facts and reasons.

Article 18 Where a letter-writer or visitor who intends to present a letter-or-visit matter through visit, it shall go to the reception place established or designated by the organ concerned.

Where two or more letter-writers or visitors intend to present the same letter-or-visit matter through visit, they shall choose representatives, and the number of representatives shall not exceed five.

Article 19 A letter-writer or visitor shall be objective in presenting letter-or-visit matters, the letter-or-visit matters presented shall be true to facts, and it shall be responsible for the truthfulness of the contents of the materials it provides. It shall not make up stories, distort facts, frame or bring a false charge against others.

Article 20 Letter-writers and visitors shall, in the course of writing letters or making visits, abide by laws and regulations, shall not harm the interests of the State, society or the collective or infringe upon the lawful rights of other citizens, shall conscientiously maintain public order and the order in handling letters and visits, and shall not commit any of the following acts:

(1) illegally assembling around offices of State organs or public places, encircling and attacking State organs, intercepting official vehicles, or jamming and obstructing traffic;

(2) carrying dangerous articles or tools under control;

(3) humiliating, beating up or threatening functionaries of State organs or illegally restricting other people's freedom of the individual;

(4) staying and making trouble at the reception places for letters and visits, or leaving the individuals who are unable to look after themselves at such places;

(5) inciting, colluding with, coercing or enticing with money or things of value others to write letters or make visits, or manipulating from behind the scenes others into doing so, or taking advantage of letters and visits to accumulate wealth; or

(6) committing other acts that disrupt public order or impair national or public security.

Chapter IV Accepting Letter-or-visit Matters

Article 21 The department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level shall, upon receiving a letter or visit, register the letter-or-visit matter presented and handle it on the merits of each case within 15 days in the following ways:

(1) With regard to a letter-or-visit matter specified in Article 15 of these Regulations, notify the letter-writer or visitor that it presents such matter to the people's congresses or its standing committee, people's court or people's procuratorate respectively; and reject the matter which has been or shall be handled according to law through litigation, arbitration, administrative reconsideration or any other statutory means, while notifying the letter-writer or visitor that it presents the matter to the organ concerned according to the procedures as provided for by the relevant laws or administrative regulations.

(2) With regard to a letter-or-visit matter which shall be handled and decided on by the people's government at the corresponding level or the department thereof according to their statutory functions and duties, transfer such matter to the administrative organ which has the power to handle it; or make timely suggestions and submit such matter to the people's government at the corresponding level for decision in case of any important or urgent matter.

(3) With regard to a letter-or-visit matter which involves an administrative organ at a lower level or its staff members, directly transfer such matter to the administrative organ which has the power to handle it according to the principles of territorial jurisdiction, responsibilities assumed at different levels, and the department in charge being the department responsible, and send a copy of the matter to the department or unit for letters and visits of the people's government at the next lower level.

The department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level shall notify such department or unit of the people's government at the next lower level of the matter transferred regularly, and the department or unit for letters and visits of the people's government at a lower level shall report to such department of the people's government at the next higher level about the handling of the transferred matter regularly.

(4) With regard to any important matter among the letter-or-visit matters transferred and feedback on the results of the handling of which is required, send it directly to the administrative organ which has the power to handle it, and ask the organ to feed back the results within the designated time limit for handling it and submit reports on the results of the handling.

Within 15 days from the date the letter-or-visit matter is transferred or assigned thereto according to the provisions of Items (2) to (4) of the preceding paragraph, the administrative organ concerned shall decide whether to accept the matter and notify the letter-writer or visitor of the decision in writing, and inform the department or unit for letters and visits of its decision as required.

Article 22 With regard to a letter-or-visit matter which is directly presented to the administrative organ other than the departments or unit for letters and visits of the people's governments at different levels by a letter-writer or visitor according to the provisions of these Regulations, the administrative organ concerned shall register such matter. A letter-or-visit matter that conforms to the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 14 of these Regulations and falls within the scope of the statutory functions and powers of the said organ shall be accepted by it; and it shall not shift the responsibility onto other organs, take a perfunctory attitude or delay handling the matter. If a letter-or-visit matter does not fall within the scope of the functions and powers of the said organ, it shall notify the letter-writer or visitor that it presents the matter to the organ which has the power to handle the matter.

Where, upon receiving a letter-or-visit matter, the administrative organ concerned can, on the spot, decide whether to accept it, the said organ shall do so in writing. If such decision can not be made on the spot, the said organ shall, within 15 days from the date of receipt of the matter, notify the letter-writer or visitor in writing, unless the name (title) or address of the letter-writer or visitor is unclear.

Relevant administrative organs shall notify each other of the letter-or-visit matters they have accepted.

Article 23 The administrative organ and its staff members shall not divulge or transmit the materials of accusation or exposure or the relevant information provided by a letter-writer or visitor to the individual or department accused or exposed.

Article 24 Where a letter-or-visit matter involves two or more administrative organs, it shall be handled by them through consultation. If disagreement arises in handling of the matter, their common administrative organ at the next higher level shall decide on which organ handles the matter.

Article 25 Where an administrative organ is split up, merges with another or is dissolved, the letter-or-visit matters on which it shall make a decision shall be handled by the administrative organ which continues to perform its functions and powers. If the functions and duties are unclear, the people's government at the corresponding level or the organ designated by such government shall handle the matter.

Article 26 When a citizen, legal person or any other organization discovers an important or urgent letter-or-visit matter or information which may exert an influence on society, it may report the matter to the relevant administrative organ nearby. After receiving such report, the local people's governments at different levels shall immediately report to the people's government at the next higher level and, if necessary, circulate a notice of such matter among the competent departments. After receiving the report, the relevant department of the local people's government at or above the county level shall immediately report to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the competent department at the next higher level and, if necessary, circulate a notice of such matter among the competent departments. After receiving the report, the relevant department of the State Council shall immediately report to the State Council and, if necessary, circulate a notice among the competent departments.

The administrative organ shall not conceal, give a false report about or delay reporting any important or urgent letter-or-visit matter and information or incite others to do so.

Article 27 With regard to important or urgent letter-or-visit matters and information which may exert an influence on society, the administrative organ concerned shall, within the scope of its functions and duties and according to law, take timely measures to prevent the occurrence and extension of adverse influence.

Chapter V Handling, and Supervising and Urging the Handling of Letter-or-visit Matters

Article 28 In handling the letter-or-visit matters presented by a letter-writer or visitor, the administrative organ and its staff members shall perform their duties whole-heartedly, handle the matters impartially, ascertain the facts, clearly distinguish the responsibilities, publicize the legal system, conduct persuasion and handle the matter properly in a timely manner, and they shall not shift the responsibility onto others, take a perfunctory attitude or delay handling the matters.

Article 29 Where the information given by a letter-writer or visitor or the comments or suggestions made thereby are beneficial to improvement of the work of the administrative organ and to promotion of national economic and social development, the relevant administrative organ shall conscientiously study, evaluate and unhesitatingly accept them.

Article 30 The staff member of an administrative organ who has a direct interest in the letter-or-visit matter presented by a letter-writer or visitor or with the letter-writer or visitor shall recuse himself.

Article 31 In handling the letter-or-visit matter presented by a letter-writer or visitor, the administrative organ which has the power to handle such matter shall heed the facts and reasons stated by the letter-writer or visitor. When necessary, it may ask the letter-writer or visitor, or the organization or individual concerned to give an explanation; and where further verification is needed, it may conduct investigation among other organizations or individuals.

A hearing may be held for important, complicated or difficult letter-or-visit matters, and the hearing shall be open to the public to ascertain the facts and clearly distinguish the responsibilities through inquiry, debate, appraisal or judgment by a collegiate group. The people's government of a province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall respectively prescribe the scope of hearings, presiding officer, participants, procedures and other things.

Article 32 Through investigation and verification, the administrative organ which has the power to handle the letter-or-visit matter presented by a letter-writer or visitor shall make the following decisions according to the relevant laws, regulations, rules and other provisions and give a written reply to the letter-writer or visitor:

(1) to support the request if it is based on clear facts and conforms to laws, regulations, rules and other provisions;

(2) to make an ample explanation to the letter-writer or visitor if the request is reasonable but lacks legal basis; or

(3) not to support the request if it is not based on facts or does not conform to laws, regulations, rules or other provisions.

Where the administrative organ which has the power to handle the matter decides to support the request according to the provisions of Item (1) of the preceding paragraph, it shall urge the relevant organs or units to execute its decision.

Article 33 The matter presented by a letter-writer or visitor shall be handled within 60 days from the date it is accepted. If the matter is complicated, the time limit for handling it may be extended appropriately upon the approval by the responsible person of the administrative organ concerned, but the period extended shall not exceed 30 days, and the letter-writer or visitor shall be notified of the reasons for such extension. Where laws or administrative regulations provide otherwise, the provisions therein shall prevail.

Article 34 Where a letter-writer or visitor is not satisfied with the decision made by an administrative organ on the handling of the letter-or-visit matter, it may, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the written reply, request the administrative organ at the next higher level of the original administrative organ that has handled the matter to reexamine the matter. The administrative organ which has received the request for reexamination shall, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the request, make a decision after reexamination and give a written reply.

Article 35 Where a letter-writer or visitor is not satisfied with the decision made after reexamination, it may, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the written reply, request for review from the administrative organ at the next higher level of the reexamination organ. The administrative organ which has received the request for review shall, within 30 days from the date of receipt of the request, make a decision after review.

The review organ may, according to the second paragraph of Article 31 of these Regulations, hold a hearing, and the review decision made through hearing may be made known to the public according to law. The time needed for hearing shall not be calculated in the time limit prescribed in the preceding paragraph.

Where the letter-writer or visitor is not satisfied with the review decision and continues to lodge a complaint on the basis of the same facts and reasons, the departments or units for letters and visits of the people's governments at all levels and other administrative organs shall no longer accept the compliant.

Article 36 Where the department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level finds that a relevant administrative organ comes under any of the following circumstances, it shall, without delay, urge such organ to handle the matter concerned and suggest that the said organ make improvement,:

(1) without justifiable reasons, failing to handle the letter-or-visit matter within the prescribed time limit;

(2) failing to give feedback on the results of the handling of the letter-or-visit matter as required;

(3) failing to handle the letter-or-visit matter according to the prescribed procedures;

(4) shifting the responsibility for handling the matter onto other departments, taking a perfunctory attitude, or delaying handling the letter-or-visit matter;

(5) failing to execute the decision on the matter; or

(6) needing urging for other reasons.

Upon receiving the suggestions for improvements, the administrative organ shall, within 30 days, give a feedback in writing on the improvements it has made. If the organ refuses to accept the suggestions, it shall explain the reasons.

Article 37 With regard to any policy problem raised by a letter-writer or visitor, the department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level shall report it to the people's government at the corresponding level in a timely manner and make suggestions as to how to improve the policy and solve the problem.

Article 38 With regard to the staff members of an administrative organ who, in the work regarding letters and visits, cause serious consequences by shifting their responsibilities onto others, taking a perfunctory attitude, delaying handling of matters or practicing fraud, the department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level may make suggestions to the administrative organ concerned to give them administrative sanctions.

Article 39 The department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level shall, regularly, submit analytical reports on letters and visits to the people's government at the corresponding level with regard to the following matters:

(1) statistical data on the letter-or-visit matters accepted, the areas covered by the letter-or-visit matters, and the organs against which a relatively larger number of complaints are lodged;

(2) information about the matters which are transferred for handling or the handling of which is urged, and the suggestions about improvement accepted by different departments; and

(3) the policy suggestions made and accepted.

Chapter VI Legal Liability

Article 40 Where one of the following circumstances leads to the presentation of a letter-or-visit matter, which causes serious consequences, the individual directly in charge and the other individuals directly responsible therefor shall be given an administrative sanction according to the provisions of the relevant laws or administrative regulations; if the act constitutes a crime, they shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law:

(1) The lawful rights and interests of a letter-writer or visitor are infringed upon due to overstepping or abuse of power;

(2) An administrative organ infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a letter-writer or visitor by doing nothing about what it shall do;

(3) The lawful rights and interests of a letter-writer or visitor is infringed upon due to incorrect application of laws or regulations or violation of statutory procedures; or

(4) The execution of the decision in support of the request of a letter-writer or visitor made by the administrative organ which has the power to handle the matter presented is refused.

Article 41 Where the department for letters and visits of the people's government at or above the county level fails to register the letter-or-visit matter, transfer the matter to another organ or assign another organ to handle the matter as required by regulations, or fails to perform the duties of supervising and urging the handling of the matter as it shall have done, the administrative organ at higher levels shall order it to make corrections; if serious consequences are caused, the individual directly in charge and the other individuals directly responsible therefor shall be given an administrative sanction according to law.

Article 42 Where the administrative organ responsible for accepting letter-or-visit matters, in violation of the provisions of these Regulations, comes under any of the following circumstances in accepting a letter-or-visit matter, the administrative organ at a higher level shall order it to make corrections; if serious consequences are caused, the individual directly in charge and the other individuals directly responsible therefor shall be given an administrative sanction according to law:

(1) failing to register the letter-or-visit matter it has received, as is required by regulations;

(2) refusing to accept the letter-or-visit matter which falls within the scope of its statutory functions and powers; or

(3) failing to inform in writing within the specified time limit the letter-writer or visitor of whether the letter-or-visit matter is accepted.

Article 43 Where the administrative organ which has the power to handle letter-or-visit matters, in violation of the provisions of these Regulations, commits any of the following acts in handling a letter-or-visit matter, the administrative organ at a higher level shall order it to make corrections; if serious consequences are caused, the individual directly in charge and the other individuals directly responsible therefor shall be given an administrative sanction according to law:

(1) shifting the responsibility onto another organ, taking a perfunctory attitude, or delaying handling the letter-or-visit matter, or failing to wind up the handling of the letter-or-visit matter within the statutory time limit; or

(2) failing to support the request which is based on clear facts and conforms to relevant laws, regulations, rules and other provisions.

Article 44 Where the staff member of an administrative organ, in violation of the provisions of these Regulations, divulges or transmits the materials of accusation or exposure and relevant information provided by a letter-writer or visitor to the individual or unit accused or exposed, he shall be given an administrative sanction according to law.

Where the staff member of an administrative organ, in handling a letter-or-visit matter , is rude in his style of work, thus intensifying contradictions and causing serious consequences, he shall be given an administrative sanction according to law.

Article 45 Where an administrative organ and its staff members, in violation of the provisions of Article 26 of these Regulations, conceal, make a false report of or delay reporting the important or urgent letter-or-visit matters or informatinn which may exert an influence on society, or incite another individual to do so, thus causing serious consequences, the individual directly in charge and the other individuals directly responsible therefor shall be given an administrative sanction according to law; if the act constitutes a crime, they shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law.

Article 46 Whoever retaliates against a letter-writer or visitor, thus constituting a crime, shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law; if the act is not serious enough to constitute a crime, he shall be given an administrative or disciplinary sanction according to law.

Article 47 Where a letter-writer or visitor violates the provisions of Article 18 or 20 of these Regulations, the staff member of the State organ concerned shall dissuade, criticize or educate him.

If such dissuasion, criticism or education fails, the public security organ shall warn or admonish the letter-writer or visitor or stop its act. If the letter-writer or visitor violates the laws or administrative regulations on assemblies, processions and demonstrations or if its act constitutes a violation of public security administration, the public security organ shall, according to law, take necessary measures to deal with the case on the spot and impose thereupon an administrative penalty for public security. If the act constitutes a crime, it shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law.

Article 48 Where a letter-writer or visitor makes up a story or distorts facts in an attempt to frame or bring a false charge against another individual, which constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal liability according to law. If the act is not serious enough to constitute a crime, the public security organ shall impose thereupon an administrative penalty for public security according to law.

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions

Article 49 Social organizations, enterprises and institutions shall handle letters and visits with reference to these Regulations.

Article 50 The letter-or-visit matters presented by foreigners, stateless individuals or foreign organizations shall be handled with reference to these Regulations.

Article 51 These Regulations shall be effective as of May 1, 2005. The Regulations on Letters and Calls promulgated by the State Council on October 28, 1995 shall be repealed simultaneously.


公证介入清欠建设领域拖欠农民工工资之探索

孙入增 朱樾


这些年来我国拖欠农民工工资情况十分严重,尤以建筑施工等劳动密集型企业为甚。据有关资料显示,去年1至9月份,仅浙江省嘉兴市通过劳动保障部门查处并追讨的拖欠工资,涉及农民工人数达7.4万人,与前年同期相比成倍增加;因拖欠工资而引发的突发性事件或群体性事件达到148起,平均两天发生一起。为讨工钱,农民工爬塔吊、跳楼、被无端殴打甚至被追杀等事件常有发生。拖欠农民工工资问题严重损害农民工的合法利益,增加社会不安定因素,已成为社会突出问题,与中央提出的构建和谐社会的总体要求格格不入。这些年来,各地对拖欠农民工工资问题采取了不少措施,做了大量工作,也取得了一定成效。但从总体上看,拖欠农民工工资问题远未得到有效遏制,在有些领域和地区甚至呈愈演愈烈的态势。
一.行政手段介入农民工工资清欠的弊端
从这些年各地对拖欠农民工工资问题采取的措施看,大多限于行政手段,如让建筑劳务企业交保证金,对发生欠薪情况的建筑劳务企业进行市场限入、降低甚至吊销有关资质和资格等行政处罚。依单纯的行政手段来处理拖欠农民工工资问题,且不论其行政行为的程序和方式是否合法,这些做法的局限性和负面作用是显而易见的。第一,拖欠农民工工资这个看似简单的问题,原来是由一个畸形债务链所致。如建设单位拖欠总包单位工程款、总包单位拖欠劳务企业劳务费、劳务企业拖欠农民工工资,拖欠工程款是建筑领域拖欠农民工工资的主因和源头,农民工只是这条债权债务链上的最终受害者。目前各地采取的行政处理手段不能抓住拖欠农民工工资的主因和源头,无法从根本上缓解拖欠农民工工资问题。第二,拖欠工程款属民事违约或民事纠纷范畴,行政手段在这方面难以作为,作为不当会造成侵权后果的发生,与我国依法行政的法治理念背道而驰。第三,我国目前的行政资源其实并不十分丰富,政府不能对什么事都大包大揽,动辄施以行政手段。我们应当清醒地认识到,行政上的大包大揽很易造成社会及公众对行政手段的过度依赖,这几年大量群体性上访事件的形成和发生应让我们引以为鉴。
以强制手段解决拖欠农民工工资问题的,除行政手段外还有法律手段。拖欠农民工工资问题可以并且应当通过法律途径予以解决。从严格意义讲,使用行政手段处理拖欠农民工工资问题,也得在法律框架内才有效;在一个法治社会中,最有效、最有力的维权手段、利器当然也数法律。但运用法律手段若通过诉讼程序来讨回自己的工资,对每个具体的农民工来说,其高昂的时间、财力成本是难以承受的。在此情况下,我们有必要整合法律、行政资源,让公证介入清欠工作,进而破解清欠这一难题。
二、公证介入建设领域农民工工资清欠的作用
(一)治标
《中华人民共和国公证暂行条例》第4条第10款规定,“对于追偿债款、物品的文书,认为无疑义的,在该文书上证明有强制执行的效力”;第24条规定,“经过公证处证明有强制执行效力的债权文书,一方当事人不按文书规定履行时,对方当事人可以向有管辖权的基层人民法院申请执行”;《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第218条规定,“对公证机关赋予强制执行效力的债权文书,一方当事人不履行的,对方当事人可以向有管辖权的人民法院申请执行,受申请的人民法院应当执行”。据此,经过公证赋予强制执行效力的债务,债务人如不按约履行,债权人可不经诉讼而直接向法院申请强制执行。
对已发生的拖欠工程款或农民工工资的问题,要求拖欠工程款或农民工工资的当事人对拖欠款项签订还款协议,并办理赋予还款协议以强制执行效力的公证。还款协议一经公证,欠款人如不按约还款,债权人和农民工可不经诉讼,持公证书直接向人民法院申请强制执行,这样减少了很多中间环节,降低了社会成本,可最大限度、最迅速地保障农民工权益。如果在这项工作中能对农民工办理公证和申请法院强制执行等法律事务再予以法律援助,则可完全省去农民工讨薪的时间、精力及财力成本,农民工当然也无须再来找政府,从而也将不会酿成大规模群体上访事件,避免社会突发事件的发生。
办理还款协议公证,并赋予还款协议以强制执行效力,是用法律手段解决或遏制欠薪问题最经济、最快捷、同时也是最有效的途径和办法。首先,从公证合同(协议)入手,赋予合同以强制执行效力,可增强合同的严肃性和威慑力,能有效提高还款、付薪的自觉性。其次,合同(协议)经公证具有强制执行效力,欠款、欠薪情况一旦发生,可不经诉讼直接进入强制执行程序,既节约了我国的司法成本,同时更减轻了债权人(包括农民工)实现债权的成本,从而提高包括农民工在内的所有债权人通过法律途径实现债权的积极性。第三,对经公证的债务进行强制执行,为我国民事诉讼法和公证暂行条例所规定,具有强有力的法律依据。
(二)治本
从办理建设工程承包合同公证入手,将工资款问题从源头抓起。目前我国拖欠农民工工资问题突出发生在建设领域,而建设领域拖欠农民工工资问题大多因建设单位拖欠工程款所致。因此,拖欠工程款是拖欠农民工工资的主因和源头;只有抓住拖欠农民工工资的主因和源头,消除这个症结,才能从根本上缓解拖欠农民工工资问题。此外,现建设领域“黑白合同”问题严重,严重扰乱建设市场的正常交易秩序,并由此带来一系列严重社会问题。所有这些,通过办理建筑工程承包合同公证或可以得以解决或可以得以减轻。正因办理建设工程承包合同公证对解决拖欠农民工工资款及规范建设市场的重要性,公证处在办理建筑承包合同公证过程中除对合同的合法性进行全面审查外,必须针对工程款中的工资款问题和承包合同的主要条款与招投标文件的一致性问题增加和明确以下内容:
1、增加专门工资款发放问题条款,明确合同承包款中所应包括的工资数额及具体发放标准和办法,增强工资款发放问题的确定性和可操作性。
2、在合同中指定公证处或有关职能部门为工资款发放的监督、证明单位,工资款转经监督、证明单位结算。
3、增加承包人对工资款发放的承诺保证条款,承包人如将工资款移作他用,须承担由此而引起的一切后果和责任,保证工资款得以专款专用。
4、增加赋予对合同中的工资款发放以强制执行效力的条款,使合同约定的工资款结算、发放条款具有强制性。
5、明确以后凡对原(经公证的)合同内容进行变更,须经原公证处公证;否则,两合同内容不一致处,以原经公证的合同为准。以此杜绝“黑白合同”情况的发生。
6、公证处对要求变更原(经公证的)合同重大权利义务内容的情况,应将当事人所陈述的有关变更合同的原因、理由作出详细、完整的记录;认为有必要的,应与相关管理部门进行沟通和联系,确保变更合同行为的正当性、合法性。
三、办理建设承包合同公证的可行性:
1、法律、政策依据。对建设承包合同进行公证,赋予合同关于工资款发放支付条款以强制执行效力,除前述《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》和《中华人民共和国公证暂行条例》外,在法律、政策上的依据还有:
(1)国务院办公厅2004年10月29日转发的建设部、发展改革委、监察部、司法部、劳动保障部、交通部、水利部等部门《关于进一步解决建设领域拖欠工程款问题的意见》,在强化对履行合同的监督管理问题上,规定“建设单位和施工企业应按双方的招投标文件订立合同,不得再行订立背离合同实质性内容(包括价款及支付方式)的其他协议”;要求合同双方“请公证机构对合同进行公证,以保证当事人双方履行合同义务,防止出现‘黑白合同’”。
(2)最高人民法院2004年12月24日发出的《关于集中清理拖欠工程款和农民工工资案件的紧急通知》规定,对公证机关赋予强制执行效力的结清工程款合同,债权人申请强制执行的,人民法院应当受理并执行。
2、建设工程承包合同公证的现实基础条件。目前我国的建设工程招投标活动大多经过公证,公证人员对整个招投标活动和承包合同的基本条款及其形成过程都十分了解;就我国现有公证人员的素质而言,公证人员具有较强的对与建设工程承包合同相关法律和政策的掌握及运用能力。所以办理建筑工程承包合同公证,从目前我国招投标活动的操作程序,从工作的连贯性、规范性,从对当事人的便利性,从公证人员的业务素质等方面,均具有良好的基础和条件。
四、办理建设工程承包合同公证的作用
对建筑工程承包合同进行公证,其意义和作用从总体上看,一可从源头上遏制和解决拖欠农民工工资问题,实现对拖欠农民工工资问题的标本兼治;二对防止出现“黑白合同”情况和规范建筑工程交易秩序具有十分积极的作用。具体作用还有:
1、可将现通常采用的诸如收取工资保证金等无明确法律依据的行政手段,通过合同条款成为当事人自己的意思表示而合法化。
2、工资款转经公证处或有关职能部门结算,不仅可即时掌握工资的结算、发放情况,有利于及时、主动采取应对措施,而且为对欠薪行为进行法律、行政处罚提供强有力的证据。
3、规定对合同内容作重大变更须经公证,使招投标活动更为健康,合同内容无法进行暗箱作业,即使有也会因签约行为的无效而承担对不法行为的不利后果,使欲为者不敢为,起到震慑作用。
五、公证介入清欠工作对清欠农民工工资和构建和谐社会具有十分积极的意义
(一)通过公证赋予合同债务(欠薪)以强制执行效力,开辟了解决欠薪问题的新渠道。
(二)因使用公证手段经济、快捷、有效,可最大限度地减轻债权人和农民工实现自己合法权益的成本,可激发债权人和农民工通过法律手段实现自己合法权益的积极性,有利于将清欠农民工工资问题引入法律途径去解决,从而最大限度地避免和减少群体性上访事件和社会突发事件的发生,减轻地方党政领导和有关部门接待和处理此类上访的负担和压力。
(三)因使用公证手段可减轻农民工实现自己合法权益的成本和提高农民工通过法律手段实现自己合法权益的积极性,并使清欠问题得以快捷、有效的处理,拖欠工资行为不但不能为欠薪者带来任何利益,相反徒增欠薪者的欠薪成本。权衡利弊,相信欠薪者会自律,不愿做拖欠工资的蠢事,会增强按规定付薪的自觉性。
(四)通过公证可强化政府及其职能部门对工程款和工资结算、发放问题的监督管理职能。
(五)公证通过化政府或管理部门的意志为合同条款,为行政部门处置相关问题提供依据。
(六)从宏观上看,公证介入清欠工作,有利于改变社会处理相关问题的思维方式和行为途径,倡导依法办事的风尚和精神,这与我们建设法治社会的目标是完全一致的。
我们认为,公证介入确为清欠良策。但因公证机构、甚至司法行政机关对建设工程及工程承包交易行为无管理权,此事需由政府或有关建设管理部门作出规定公证方可介入。实际上,在目前建设单位拖欠工程款现象十分普遍、“黑白合同”大行其道的情况下,政府对此进行适度干预,合理整合并有效使用行政、公证资源,作出建设工程承包合同应经公证的规定,将问题防范于未然,是十分必要的。

作者单位:嘉兴市司法局
嘉兴市公证处



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